Radiographic detector

ABSTRACT

A digital radiographic detector includes a planar multilayer core having a two-dimensional array of photo-sensitive cells. An enclosure having only one open side and upper and lower halves is joined together using a three—sided bumper configured to provide impact absorption for sides of the enclosure. An end cap covers the only one open side of the enclosure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The subject matter disclosed herein relates to digital radiographic (DR) detectors used with x-ray systems in medical imaging facilities.

Portable digital radiographic detectors have been widely deployed to improve diagnostic radiographic imaging productivity, image quality and ease of use. In particular, mobile or bedside radiographic imaging is conducted in locations such as intensive care units so that the patient does not need to be transported from their critical care environment. This type of imaging procedure is best served by a portable detector that is light weight and durable to improve ease of use and reliability.

Current digital radiographic detectors typically include an amorphous silicon TFT/photo diode image sensor array that is fabricated on glass using semiconductor processes that are similar to those used for flat panel displays. A scintillator is combined with the image sensor array along with required electronics for signal readout and processing onto an internal core plate which is contained within a durable housing to create the portable DR detector.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a digital radiographic (DR) imaging system 10 that may include a generally curved or planar DR detector 40 (shown in a planar embodiment and without a housing for clarity of description), an x-ray source 14 configured to generate radiographic energy (x-ray radiation), and a digital monitor, or electronic display, 26 configured to display images captured by the DR detector 40, according to one embodiment. The DR detector 40 may include a two dimensional array 12 of detector cells 22 (photosensors), arranged in electronically addressable rows and columns. The DR detector 40 may be positioned to receive x-rays 16 passing through a subject 20 during a radiographic energy exposure, or radiographic energy pulse, emitted by the x-ray source 14. As shown in FIG. 1, the radiographic imaging system 10 may use an x-ray source 14 that emits collimated x-rays 16, e.g. an x-ray beam, selectively aimed at and passing through a preselected region 18 of the subject 20. The x-ray beam 16 may be attenuated by varying degrees along its plurality of rays according to the internal structure of the subject 20, which attenuated. rays are detected by the array 12 of photosensitive detector cells 22. The curved or planar DR detector 40 is positioned, as much as possible, in a perpendicular relation to a substantially central ray 17 of the plurality of rays 16 emitted by the x-ray source 14. In a curved array embodiment, the source 14 may be centrally positioned such that a larger percentage, or all, of the photosensitive detector cells are positioned perpendicular to incoming x-rays from the centrally positioned source 14. The array 12 of individual photosensitive cells (pixels) 22 may be electronically addressed (scanned) by their position according to column and row. As used herein, the terms “column” and “row” refer to the vertical and horizontal arrangement of the photosensor cells 22 and, for clarity of description, it will be assumed that the rows extend horizontally and the columns extend vertically. However, the orientation of the columns and rows is arbitrary and does not limit the scope of any embodiments disclosed herein. Furthermore, the term “subject” may be illustrated as a human patient in the description of FIG. 1, however, a subject of a DR imaging system, as the term is used herein, may be a human, an animal, an inanimate object, or a portion thereof.

In one exemplary embodiment, the rows of photosensitive cells 2.2 may be scanned one or more at a time by electronic scanning circuit 28 so that the exposure data from the array 12 may be transmitted to electronic read-out circuit 30. Each photosensitive cell 22 may independently store a charge proportional to an intensity, or energy level, of the attenuated radiographic radiation, or x-rays, received and absorbed in the cell, Thus, each photosensitive cell, when read-out, provides information defining a pixel of a radiographic image 24, e.g. a brightness level or an amount of energy absorbed by the pixel, that may be digitally decoded by image processing electronics 34 and transmitted to he displayed by the digital monitor 26 for viewing by a user. An electronic bias circuit 32 is electrically connected to the two-dimensional detector array 12 to provide a bias voltage to each of the photosensitive cells 22.

Each of the bias circuit 32, the scanning circuit 28, and the read-out circuit 30, may communicate with an acquisition control and image processing unit 34 over a connected cable 33 (wired), or the DR detector 40 and the acquisition control and image processing unit 34 may be equipped with a wireless transmitter and receiver to transmit radiographic image data wirelessly 35 to the acquisition control and image processing unit 34. The acquisition control and image processing unit 34 may include a processor and electronic memory (not shown) to control operations of the DR detector 40 as described herein, including control of circuits 28, 30, and 32, for example, by use of programmed instructions, and to store and process image data. The acquisition control and image processing unit 34 may also be used to control activation of the x-ray source 14 during a radiographic exposure, controlling an x-ray tube electric current magnitude, and thus the fluence of x-rays in x-ray beam 16, and/or the x-ray tube voltage, and thus the energy level of the x-rays in x-ray beam 16. A portion or all of the acquisition control and image processing unit 34 functions may reside in the detector 40 in an on-board processing system 36 which may include a processor and electronic memory to control operations of the DR detector 40 as described herein, including control of circuits 28, 30, and 32, by use of programmed instructions, and to store and process image data similar to the functions of standalone acquisition control and image processing system 34, The image processing system may perform image acquisition and image disposition functions as described herein. The image processing system 36 may control image transmission and image processing and image correction on board the detector 40 based on instructions or other commands transmitted from the acquisition control and image processing unit 34, and transmit corrected digital image data therefrom. Alternatively, acquisition control and image processing unit 34 may receive raw image data from the detector 40 and process the image data and store it, or it may store raw unprocessed image data in local memory, or in remotely accessible memory.

With regard to a direct detection embodiment of DR detector 40, the photosensitive cells 22 may each include a sensing element sensitive to x-rays, i.e., it absorbs x-rays and generates an amount of charge carriers in proportion to a magnitude of the absorbed x-ray energy. A switching element may be configured to be selectively activated to read out the charge level of a corresponding x-ray sensing element. With regard to an indirect detection embodiment of DR detector 40, photosensitive cells 22 may each include a sensing element sensitive to light rays in the visible spectrum, i.e. it absorbs light rays and generates an amount of charge carriers in proportion to a magnitude of the absorbed light energy, and a switching element that is selectively activated to read the charge level of the corresponding sensing element. A scintillator, or wavelength converter, may be disposed over the light sensitive sensing elements to convert incident x-ray radiographic energy to visible light energy. Thus, in the embodiments disclosed herein, it should be noted that the DR detector 40 (or DR detector 300 in FIG. 3 or DR detector 400 in FIG. 4) may include an indirect or direct type of DR detector.

Examples of sensing elements used in sensing array 12 include various types of photoelectric conversion devices photosensors) such as photodiodes (P-N or PIN diodes), photo-capacitors (MIS), photo-transistors or photoconductors, Examples of switching elements used for signal read-out include a-Si TNT's, oxide TFTs, MOS transistors, bipolar transistors and other p-n junction components.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram 240 of a portion of a two-dimensional array 12 for a DR detector 40. The array of photosensor cells 212, whose operation may be consistent with the photosensor array 12 described above, may include a number of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) n-i-p photodiodes 270 and thin film transistors (TFTs) 271 formed as field effect transistors (FETs) each having gate (G), source (S), and drain (D) terminals. In embodiments of DR detector 40 disclosed herein, such as a multilayer DR detector (400 of FIG. 4), the two-dimensional array of photosensor cells 12 may be formed in a device layer that abuts adjacent layers of the DR detector structure, which adjacent layers may include a rigid glass layer or a flexible polyimide layer or a layer including carbon fiber without any adjacent rigid layers. A plurality of gate driver circuits 228 may be electrically connected to a plurality of gate lines 283 which control a voltage applied to the gates of TFTs 271, a plurality of readout circuits 230 may be electrically connected to data lines 284, and a plurality of bias lines 285 may be electrically connected to a bias line bus or a variable bias reference voltage line 232 which controls a voltage applied to the photodiodes 270, Charge amplifiers 286 may he electrically connected to the data lines 284 to receive signals therefrom. Outputs from the charge amplifiers 286 may be electrically connected to a multiplexer 287, such as an analog multiplexer, then to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 288, or they may be directly connected to the ADC, to stream out the digital radiographic image data at desired rates. In one embodiment, the schematic diagram of FIG. 2 may represent a portion of a DR detector 40 such as an a-Si:H based indirect flat panel, curved panel, or flexible panel imager.

Incident x-rays, or x-ray photons, 16 are converted to optical photons, or light rays, by a scintillator, which light rays are subsequently converted to electron-hole pairs, or charges, upon impacting the a-Si:H n-i-p photodiodes 270. In one embodiment, an exemplary detector cell 222, which may he equivalently referred to herein as a pixel, may include a photodiode 270 having its anode electrically connected to a bias line 285 and its cathode electrically connected to the drain (D) of TFT 271. The bias reference voltage line 232 can control a bias voltage of the photodiodes 270 at each of the detector cells 222. The charge capacity of each of the photodiodes 270 is a function of its bias voltage and its capacitance. In general, a reverse bias voltage, e.g. a negative voltage, may be applied to the bias lines 285 to create an electric field (and hence a depletion region) across the pn junction of each of the photodiodes 270 to enhance its collection efficiency for the charges generated by incident light rays. The image signal represented by the array of photosensor cells 212 may be integrated by the photodiodes while their associated TFTs 271 are held in a non-conducting (off) state, for example, by maintaining the gate lines 283 at a negative voltage via the gate driver circuits 228. The photosensor cell array 212 may be read out by sequentially switching rows of the TFTs 271 to a conducting (on) state by means of the gate driver circuits 228. When a row of the pixels 22 is switched to a conducting state, for example by applying a positive voltage to the corresponding gate line 283, collected charge from the photodiode in those pixels may be transferred along data lines 284 and integrated by the external charge amplifier circuits 286. The row may then be switched back to a non-conducting state, and the process is repeated for each row until the entire array of photosensor cells 212 has been read out. The integrated signal outputs are transferred from the external charge amplifiers 286 to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 288 using a parallel-to-serial converter, such as multiplexer 287, which together comprise read-out circuit 230.

This digital image information may he subsequently processed by image processing system 34 to yield a digital image which may then be digitally stored and immediately displayed on monitor 26, or it may be displayed. at a later time by accessing the digital electronic memory containing the stored image. The flat panel DR detector 40 having an imaging array as described with reference to FIG. 2 is capable of both single-shot (e.g., static, radiographic) and continuous (e.g., fluoroscopic) image acquisition.

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of an exemplary prior art generally rectangular, planar, portable wireless DR detector 300 according to an embodiment of DR detector 40 disclosed herein, The DR detector 300 may include a flexible substrate to allow the DR detector to capture radiographic images in a curved orientation. The flexible substrate may be fabricated in a permanent curved orientation, or it may remain flexible throughout its life to provide an adjustable curvature in two or three dimensions, as desired. The DR detector 300 may include a similarly flexible housing portion 314 that surrounds a. multilayer structure, or core, comprising a flexible photosensor array portion 22 of the DR detector 300. The housing portion 314 of the DR detector 300 may include a continuous, rigid or flexible, x-ray opaque material or, as used synonymously herein a radio-opaque material, surrounding an interior volume of the DR detector 300. The housing portion 314 may include four flexible edges 318, extending between the top side 321 and the bottom side 322, and arranged substantially orthogonally in relation to the top and bottom sides 321, 322. The bottom side 322 may he continuous with the four edges and disposed opposite the top side 321 of the DR detector 300. The top side 321 comprises a top cover 312 attached to the housing portion 314 which, together with the housing portion 314, substantially encloses the core in the, interior volume of the DR detector 300. The top cover 312 may be attached to the housing 314 to form a seal therebetween, and be made of a material that passes x-rays 16 without significant attenuation thereof, i.e., an x-ray transmissive material or, as used synonymously herein, a radiolucent material, such as a carbon fiber, carbon fiber embedded plastic, polymeric, elastomeric and other plastic based material.

With reference to FIG-, 4, there is illustrated in schematic form an exemplary cross-section view along section 4-4 of the exemplary embodiment of the DR detector 300 (FIG. 3). For spatial reference purposes, one major surface, or side, of the DR detector 400 may be referred to as the top side 451 and a second major surface, or side, of the DR detector 400 may he referred to as the bottom side 452, as used herein. The core layers, or sheets, may be disposed within the interior volume 450 enclosed by the housing 314 and top cover 312 and may include a flexible curved or planar scintillator layer 404 over a curved or planar the two-dimensional imaging sensor array 12 shown schematically as the device layer 402. The scintillator layer 404 may be directly under (e.g., directly connected to) the substantially planar top cover 312, and the imaging array 402 may be directly under the scintillator 404. Alternatively, a flexible layer 406 may be positioned between the scintillator layer 404 and the top cover 312 as part of the core layered structure to allow adjustable curvature of the core layered structure and/or to provide shock absorption. The flexible layer 406 may be selected to provide an amount of flexible support for both the top cover 312 and the scintillator 404, and may comprise a foam rubber type of material. The layers just described comprising the multilayer core structure each may generally be formed in a rectangular shape and defined by edges arranged orthogonally and disposed in parallel with an interior side of the edges 318 of the housing 314, as described in reference to FIG. 3.

A substrate layer 420 may be disposed under the imaging array 402, such as a rigid glass layer, in one embodiment, or flexible substrate comprising polyimide or carbon fiber upon which the array of photosensors 402. may be formed to allow adjustable curvature of the array, and may comprise another layer of the core layered structure. Under the substrate layer 420 a radio-opaque shield layer 418, such as lead, may be used as an x-ray blocking layer to help prevent scattering of x-rays passing through the substrate layer 420 as well as to block x-rays reflected from other surfaces in the interior volume 450. Readout electronics, including the scanning circuit 28, the read-out circuit 30, the bias circuit 32, and processing system 36 (all shown in FIG. 1) may be formed adjacent the imaging array 402 or, as shown, may be disposed below frame support member 416 in the form of integrated circuits (ICs) electrically connected to printed circuit boards (PCBs) 424, 425. The imaging array 402 may be electrically connected to the readout electronics 424 (ICs) over a flexible connector 428 which may comprise a plurality of flexible, sealed conductors known as chip-on-film (CoF) connectors.

X-ray flux may pass through the radiolucent top panel cover 312, in the direction represented by an exemplary x-ray beam 16, and impinge upon scintillator 404 where stimulation by the high-energy x-rays 16, or photons, causes the scintillator 404 to emit lower energy photons as visible light rays which are then received in the photosensors of imaging array 402. The frame support member 416 may connect the core layered structure to the housing 314 and may further operate as a shock absorber by disposing elastic pads (not shown) between the frame support beams 422 and the housing 314. Fasteners 410 may be used to attach the top cover 312 to the housing 314 and create a seal therebetween in the region 430 where they come into contact. In one embodiment, an external bumper 412 may be attached along the edges 318 of the DR detector 400 to provide additional shock-absorption.

Recently, processes have been developed that enable fabrication of the image sensor array onto durable thin substrates such as polyimide. This highly durable substrate enables the use of alternative housing components that are lighter in weight since the need for glass protection is reduced.

The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A digital radiographic detector includes a planar multilayer core having a two-dimensional array of photo-sensitive cells, An enclosure having only one open side with upper and lower halves is joined together using a three-sided bumper configured to provide impact absorption for sides of the enclosure, or housing. A thermally conductive end cap covers the only one open side of the enclosure.

In one embodiment, a DR detector includes a planar multilayer core comprising a two-dimensional array of photo-sensitive cells. A rectangular shaped housing made from upper and lower shells joined together surround the multilayer core and leave only one open side along the width of the DR detector. An end cap covers the only one open side of the enclosure.

In one embodiment, a carbon fiber housing in the form of an upper and lower half are joined by a seam around the perimeter covered and secured together by an interlocking bumper. The upper half is as thick or thicker than the bottom half, which may be achieved by a single upper half part or by laminating two or more parts together, A thermally conductive end cap is mounted on an open fourth side of the enclosure to complete the enclosure and dissipate heat. Together, the enclosure forms a protective, fluid resistant, structural encasement for the detector panel assembly.

In one embodiment, the detector panel assembly is laminated to the inner surface of the upper half for support. This laminate configuration is stiffer than the individual components. The rigidity may also be further enhanced by adding lightweight core materials between the upper half and sensor panel assembly to increase separation distance and/or stiff materials below the sensor panel assembly for protection. All or portions of the sensor panel electronics may be restrained to the laminate structure. Beneath the laminate structure, a high strength, lightweight material such as foam is used to support loads applied to the detector. In areas cutout for electronics, stiff materials are integrated with the lightweight material to redirect, i.e, bridge, loads away from the electronics to the surrounding area. The sides and tower half of the enclosure, constructed of thinner material, act as a shock absorbing element, further enhancing durability.

It is an object of the invention to provide a light weight, durable DR housing and core plate assembly that takes advantage of the benefits provided by a non-glass substrate image sensor panel. Additionally, a method of providing electro-magnetic compatibility and ease of assembly is included.

This brief description of the invention is intended only to provide a brief overview of subject matter disclosed herein according to one or more illustrative embodiments, and does not serve as a guide to interpreting the claims or to define or limit the scope of the invention, which is defined only by the appended claims. This brief description is provided to introduce an illustrative selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This brief description is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the background.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the features of the invention can be understood, a detailed description of the invention may be had by reference to certain embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only certain embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the scope of the invention encompasses other equally effective embodiments. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis generally being placed upon illustrating the features of certain embodiments of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views. Thus, for further understanding of the invention, reference can be made to the following detailed description, read in connection with the drawings in which:

FIG I is a schematic perspective view of an exemplary x-ray system;

FIG. :2 is a schematic diagram of a photosensor array in a radiographic detector;

FIG. 3 is a perspective diagram of an exemplary DR detector;

FIG. is a cross section diagram of an exemplary DR detector;

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of an exemplary DR detector assembly;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the upper shell having component layers laminated to the upper shell, shown upside down;

FIG. 7 illustrates a side edge cross section of the DR detector with interlocking bumper design;

FIG. 8 is an internal detector assembly with foam core base populated with printed circuit board and related electronics;

FIG. 9 shows a conformal adhesive release layer over portions of the internal detector assembly of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 shows a cross-section cut away portion of the multilayer sensor laminate structure;

FIG. 11 shows a DR detector partial cross-section;

FIG. 12 shows an exploded view of the DR detect( ) av s in more detail;

FIG. 13 shows a DR detector partial cross-section with an alternative glass substrate embodiment; and

FIG. 14 shows an exploded view of the multilayer core with the additional stiffener layer for a glass substrate embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/885,423, filed Aug. 12, 2019, in the name of Bogumil et al., and entitled RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTOR, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Referring to FIG. 5, an exploded view of components of an inventive assembly for a DR detector 500 includes an upper shell 501 secured to a lower shell 502 using a U-shaped, or three-sided, bumper 503. The bumper 503 engages flanged edges (HG. 7) of the upper shell 501 and the lower shell 502 to secure them together. Adhesive is also used between the flanged edges and on an inside surface of the bumper 503. When joined together, the upper shell 501 and the lower shell 502 leave an opening along a width of the shells because upper and lower shell edges 501.a, 502a, respectively, are not folded over and so do not contact each other. The upper and lower shells 501, 502, enclose a multilayer core 505 which includes a two dimensional array of photosensors, a scintillator, a support substrate and supporting electronics for reading out radiographic image data captured by the photosensors. The upper and lower shells 510, 502, may be made from carbon fiber or similar material. As shown in FIG. 5, the multilayer core is embedded. in a core foam base 702 (FIG. 7). The opening along the width of the shells is closed by positioning an end cap 504 therein. Power is supplied to the DR detector by a battery placed in a battery compartment 506 formed in the lower shell 502. A battery compartment 506 is positioned in the lower shell 502 by forming a concave recess in an exterior bottom surface thereof.

With reference to FIG. 6, a perspective view of the upper shell 501 is shown wherein the upper shell 501 is flipped upside down with the multilayer core 505 and additional components attached thereto. In one embodiment, an L-shaped grounding plate 602 is attached with adhesive either to a lead sheet, if a lead sheet 1003 (FIG. 12) is used; or, in another embodiment, the L-shaped grounding plate 602 is attached with adhesive to a stiffening member with adhesive, if a stiffening member 1302 (FIG. 14) is used; or, in another embodiment, the L-shaped grounding plate 60:2 is attached with adhesive directly to the multilayer core 505 (FIG. 12) if neither a stiffening member 1302 nor a lead sheet 1003 is used. The grounding plate 602 extends along two perpendicular peripheral edges of the DR detector 500, and may be made from aluminum or other suitable conductor. Gate driver integrated circuitry 603 is electrically attached to the grounding plate 602 along one edge thereof and read out integrated circuits (ROICS) 604 are electrically attached thereto along an adjacent perpendicular edge of the L-shaped grounding plate 602. A thermally conductive pad 605 is attached to, and is thermally coupled to, the ROICS 604. The end cap 504, when positioned in the open end of the joined shells 501, 502, thermally engages the thermally conductive pad 605 to act as a thermal sink for heat generated by ROICS 604.

FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-section view of one edge of DR detector 500 showing the engagement of bumper 503 to flange edge 501 b of the upper shell 501 and to flanged edge 502 b of the lower shell 502. The vertical sidewall portions of upper and lower shells 501, 502, respectively, in the perspective of FIG. 7, extend horizontally into bumper 503 to form flanged edges 501 b, 502 b, respectively. The bumper 503 secures together both the upper and lower shells, 501, 502, respectively, by compressive force against flanged edges 501 b, 502 b, and, in addition, adhesive 701 is disposed between upper and lower flanged edges 501 b, 502 b, between the bumper 503 and the upper and lower flanged edges 501 b, 502 b, and between the bumper 503 and the upper and lower shells 501, 502. As will be described herein, the multilayer core 505 is embedded in a core foam base 702 disposed in the interior area of DR detector 500. The bumper 503 may be made of an elastomeric material, plastic, rubber, or other suitable impact tolerant material, to absorb shock but should be suitably rigid to hold together the upper and lower shells 501, 502.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the core foam base 702, and other internal electronic components of DR detector 500, which includes shaped. recesses 806, cutouts 809, pockets 808, and wirelines 802 to receive components of DR detector 500, and which occupies a major volume of the interior of the DR detector 500 between upper and lower shells 501, 502. Recesses 806 may be used to provide space for folds 807 of the ribbon cables 804, which provide for data and electrical communication between ROICS 604 and the PCB main control circuitry 801 via chip-on-film connectors 810, among other communications; pockets 808 may be used for providing space for a battery, for example; wirelines 802 may each be used to press a wire 803 therein in order to secure the wire in position within DR detector 500. Components of the PCB main control circuitry 801 are positioned within the edges of a cutout 809.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 8 but with a conformal adhesive release layer, film, sheet, or tape, 901 place along a periphery of the assembly of FIG. 8. The release layer 901 covers the ROICS 604, chip-on-film connectors 810, and portion of the DR detector interior assembly. The release layer 901 prevents seeping or leaking adhesive from contacting portions of DR detector 500 that are covered by the release layer 901. Release layer 901 also serves as a sacrificial layer that may be peeled off when separating the upper and lower shells 501, 502, during a repair procedure. Release layer 901 also assists in separating the upper and lower shells 501, 502, for repair purposes by preventing excess adhesive or glue from contacting the upper shell 501.

FIG. 10 is a cross-section cut away view of a portion of DR detector 500 without core foam base 702 to illustrate positioning of certain described components. FIG. 11 is a cross-section view near one edge of assembled DR detector 500 showing relative positioning of the components of FIG. 10 from a view perpendicular to the view of FIG. 10. Adhered to an interior surface of upper shell 501 is a carbon fiber stiffening member 1005 which strengthens upper shell 501 against distortion caused by weight placed thereon. In one embodiment, the upper shell 501 is manufactured to have a thicker structure of about 1.5 mm up to about 2 mm thickness, instead of adhering the stiffening member 1005 thereto. The other portions of upper shell 501, i.e., sidewall area proximate the flanged edges, and lower shell 502 may have half the thickness of the upper shell 501. A buffer layer (foam) 1001 is positioned below the stiffening member 1005. The multilayer core 505 is positioned below the buffer layer 1001, which includes a scintillator layer, photosensor layer, and a substrate, such as a polyimide substrate. An optional, very thin, mylar sheet 1002 and conductive grounding sheet 1006 may be positioned between the buffer layer 1001 and the multilayer core 505. If included, the mylar sheet 1002 may be adhered to the buffer layer 1001, with the conductive sheet 1006 below. An optimal lead (Pb) layer 1003 may be positioned under the substrate layer of the multilayer core 505. The grounding plate 602 is placed below the optional lead (Pb) layer 1003, if the lead layer 1003 is used, otherwise against the substrate layer of the multilayer core 505. The ROICS 604 (FIG. 10) are attached to the ground plate 602 using posts 1007; the gate driver ICs 603 are similarly attached to the ground plate 602. using posts 1007. Foam supports 1004 may be positioned between the multilayer core 505 and the thermal pad 605 (FIG. 10). The thermal pad 605 is in thermal contact with a heat generating IC chip 1008 mounted on chip-on-film conductor 810. Chip-on-film conductor 810 is in electrical communication with both photosensor electronics in the multilayer core 505 and ROICS 604, and wraps around intermediate layers as shown in FIG. 10. The core foam base 702 (FIG. 11) supports portions of the assembly as shown including the ROICS 604 (core foam base 702 not shown in FIG. 10) and gate driver PCB 603 (FIG. 11).

FIG. 12 shows several of the assembly components described herein in an exploded view. Each individual functional layer, enumerated along the left side of FIG. 12, is attached to an adjacent layer using adhesive 1201, except for the grounding plate 602 and core foam base 702. The upper shell 501 is adhered to carbon fiber stiffener 1005, which is adhered to buffer layer (foam) 1001, which is adhered to an optional, very thin conductive grounding sheet 1002, which is adhered to multi layer core 505, which is adhered to optional lead (Pb) sheet 1003, which is adhered to L-shaped grounding plate 602, which is supported by core foam base 702. As shown in FIG, 12, a carbon fiber bridge structure 1201 is positioned in a recess on the core foam base, to provide stiffness and to prevent excess loads on PCB main control 801 which is positioned directly underneath the carbon fiber bridge 1201, in the perspective of FIG. 12. The core foam base 702. is shaped along one edge 1202 to conform to, and support, gate driver integrated circuitry 603 (not shown) that is attached to an underside of ground plate 602, in the perspective of FIG. 12, as described in relation to FIG. 6.

FIGS. 13 and 14 correspond substantially to FIGS. II and 12, respectively, and so enumeration of the same components will not be repeated in these figures. FIGS, 13 and 14 illustrate an optional use of a glass substrate 1301 as part of the multilayer core 505, rather than a polyimide substrate as shown in FIG. 11. Due to the glass substrate being more brittle than a polyimide substrate, an additional stiffening member 1302. is positioned beneath the multilayer core 505, however, this stiffening member 1302 may optionally he used with other substrates, such as polyimide. The stiffening member 1302 may he made from a carbon fiber composite, or other sturdy and stiff material. The stiffening member 1302 may also include a grounded, thin conductive layer thereon. The grounding plate 602 is then adhered to this stiffening member 1302.

As described herein, any foam layer components, including foam core base 702, buffer layer 1005, foam supports 1004, may be made from a lightweight low density foam. Examples of foam materials suitable for use as described herein include ULTEM™ foam which is a polyetherimide thermoplastic foam, having a density of about 60 kg/m³, that is thermoformable, manufactured by SABIC, based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Another suitable foam is ZOTEK® foam which is a closed cell foam made from poly vinylidene fluoride, having a density of about 74 kg/m³ is thermoformable, manufactured by Zotefoarns, in Walton, Ky., USA,

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims. 

1. A digital radiographic (DR) detector comprising: a planar multilayer core comprising a two-dimensional array of photo-sensitive cells; a rectangular shaped housing comprising upper and lower shells which, when joined together, leave only one open side; and an end cap to cover the only one open side of the enclosure.
 2. The DR detector of claim 1, wherein the upper and lower shells each comprise flanged edges having adhesive therebetween for being joined together.
 3. The DR detector of claim 2, further comprising a U-shaped bumper configured to engage both of the upper and lower shells' flanged edges to hold together the upper and lower shells along their flanged edges, the U-shaped bumper extending around a perimeter of three edges of the rectangular housing, excluding the only one open side.
 4. The DR detector of claim 1, wherein the end cap is configured to thermally engage a heat source inside the housing and to provide a thermal path from the heat source to an exterior of the housing.
 5. The DR detector of claim I, wherein the housing comprises a width dimension and a length dimension, the width dimension is perpendicular to the length dimension, the length dimension is greater than the width dimension, and wherein the only one open side is open along the width dimension.
 6. The DR detector of claim 1, further comprising a conformal adhesive release sheet surrounding at least a portion of the planar multilayer core to prevent adhesive material from contacting said portion of the planar multilayer core and to promote separation of the upper shell from the multilayer core.
 7. The DR detector of claim 1, wherein the upper shell is configured to face an x-ray source, and wherein the upper shell is thicker than the lower shell.
 8. The DR detector of claim 7, wherein the upper shell includes a. stiffening layer adhered to an interior surface thereof.
 9. The DR detector of claim 7, wherein the lower shell includes a concave indentation on an exterior surface thereof for receiving a battery therein.
 10. The DR detector of claim 1, further comprising a foam filler within the housing surrounding portions of the multilayer core.
 11. A method of making a DR detector comprising: providing a planar multilayer core comprising a two-dimensional array of photo-sensitive cells; enclosing the multilayer core with an upper shell and a corresponding lower shell by positioning together three flanged edges of each of the upper shell and the lower shell, including adhering the flanged edges together; positioning a bumper around the three flanged edges of the upper shell and the lower shell, including adhering the bumper to the flanged edges; positioning an end cap over one remaining opening along a width of the upper shell and the lower shell.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising using the end cap to thermally engage a heat source enclosed by the upper and lower shells.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising surrounding at least a portion of the multilayer core using a conformal sheet to prevent adhesive material from contacting said portion of the planar multilayer core and to promote separating the upper shell from the multilayer core. 14, The method of claim 11, further comprising adhering a stiffening member to an interior surface of the upper shell.
 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming a concave recess in an exterior surface of the lower shell for receiving a battery therein. 